literature review Essay

?A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis or peer-reviewed article, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its main goals are to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader. Literature reviews are a staple for research in nearly every academic field ?A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis or peer-reviewed article, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its main goals are to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader. Literature reviews are a staple for research in nearly every academic field ? A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis or peer-reviewed article, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its main goals are to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader. Literature reviews are a staple for research in nearly every academic field ? A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis or peer-reviewed article, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its main goals are to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader. Literature reviews are a staple for research in nearly every academic field ?A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis or peer-reviewed article, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its main goals are to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader. Literature reviews are a staple for research in nearly every academic field ?A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis or peer-reviewed article, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its main goals are to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader. Literature reviews are a staple for research in nearly every academic field.

George Eliot: An Intrusive Author

An omniscient narrator and in addition a constantly interfering one ensures that the reader is well informed about re opinion and hardly is able to form an own one different from hers. However she pretends to look at her characters in a scientific way. The subtitle sounds like a title for a dissertation: ‘Study of Provincial Life' which calls for objectivity. Eliot very seldom directly states her personal opinion, like when she says: â€Å"For my part I am very sorry for him† (Elliot G. :3. 29) In contrast to the â€Å"strong [microscopic] lens applied to Mrs. Stepladder's matchmaking† (Elliot G. L . 6). The reason for this scientific approach might be a deep desire to morally lift up society and this way she tries to Influence humankind. Eliot had a secular understanding of morality. Newton sees it â€Å"as signs of an excessive moralist† (Newton K. M. ). However I do not agree with him, but believe that she wanted to spread and propagate her opinion and i mprove humankind as the intrusive narrator comments â€Å"We are all of us born into moral stupidity, taking the world as an udder to feed our supreme selves' (Elliot G. :2. 21 ).She is a child of Victorian writing and â€Å"places humans at the centre of 1 the cosmic stage, In the place of God (Department of English Studies. 2008:79). Her spectacles towards religion and how religious people should conduct them In cuisines Is shown In the contrasting characters of Mr. Caleb Garth and Mr. Bolstered. Bolstered is a devoutly religious banker in Middleware. â€Å"It was a principle with Mr. God† (Elliot 6. :2. 16). Although he does a lot of good things like the fever hospital, the narrator let him appear as a disagreeable hypocrite.During the course of the story the reader learns that he has a questionable past and even made his fortune through omission of telling the truth, by not admitting the existence of Will Ladies mother as the daughter of the widow he married. At the end he does not only try to rib Will Ladies and Legate, but also indirectly commits murder. Even so he still manages for his own mental sake to distort all proceedings as it were God's will although â€Å"he went through a great deal of spiritual conflict and inward argument in order to adjust his motives, and make clear to himself what God's glory required. (Elliot 6. :3. 32). However people were skeptical about him and did not trust him fully. Kayaked sees the root of his hypocrisy in his continual striving for self- deception (Kayaked G. 2003). In addition Bolstered was less concerned with applied eligibility but with a â€Å"spiritual kind of rescue [which] was a genuine need with him. 0 He was simply a man whose desires had been stronger than his theoretic beliefs, and who had gradually explained the gratification of his desires into satisfactory agreement with those beliefs† (Elliot 6. 4. 61). The narrator's gives us her moral opinion right after this passage â€Å"This implicit reasoning is essentially nor more peculiar to evangelical belief than the use of wide phrases for narrow motives is peculiar to Englishmen† and â€Å"there is no general doctrine which is not capable of dating out our morality if unchecked by the deep-seated habit of direct fellow-feeling with individual fellow-men† (Elliot 6. :4. 65). Balustrade's preference is also expressed in the choice of 2 Mr. Tyke who â€Å"is a real Gospel preacher† (Elliot G. 4. 18) in opposition to Mr. Freebooter because he does not teach his opinion â€Å"which he calls spiritual religion† (Elliot 6. :4. 17). In the case of Bolstered I believe George Eliot wants to teach the moral lesson: the higher you climb, the father you fall'. As Mr. Balustrade's aim was to be â€Å"an eminent Christian† (Elliot 6. :5. 52) his disgrace was all the worth at the end. The opposite of Mr. Bolstered what concerns business and religiosity is Mr. Garth and his family. Mr. Garth doe s not constantly talk about religion but lives it.He helps where he can even if he puts himself and his family in trouble and has a most forgiving sole. He lends the money to Fred, who actually should have more money than himself and is neither angry nor regrets his decision when he is told that Fred cannot pay it back, although this meaner that his own son has to sacrifice his education. He is an example of altruism and applied religiosity. He is described as an honest, discreet ad hard irking man who expects everyone around him to act the same way.In contrast to Mr. Bolstered George Elliot promotes through Mr. Garth a religion of man, not of God and an understanding of religion which is based on the fellowship amongst men rather than the personal satisfaction of his ego. Humanity is the centre of Elite's belief and she stresses the importance of men taking responsibility for their actions viewed sympathetic identification?altruism?as the antidote to the enervating effects of egois m or self-interest which political economists had argued' (Christianson F. ). For me the family of Mr. Garth is an impressing example of how Christianity should be lived and applied.Mr. Garth sees fulfillment in his work and enjoys the improvement of conditions without thinking about payment. He wants to improve society with his work and is satisfied if he sees progress and that he has done a good job. It is important for him â€Å"to have the 3 chance of getting a bit of the country into good fettle, as they say, and putting men into the right way with their farming, and getting a bit of good contriving and solid building done?that those who are living and those who come after will be the better or† (Elliot 6. :4. 40).He loves his work, but despises business and therefore he often does not charge for his work. As a result the family is poor, but happy. Others are drinking or gambling but his bad habit â€Å"is to work without being paid† (Elliot 6. :3. 24). Caleb find s delight in the sight of people working and listening to their sounds, which â€Å"had acted on him as poetry without the aid of the poets, had made a philosophy for him without the aid of philosophers, a religion without the aid of theology' (Elliot G. : 3. 24). Mr. Garth and his family show the worth of hard work, good sense, and practical kindness.They demonstrate the virtue of doing the necessary work that lies at hand, rather than planning to save the world (Kayaked G. 2003). They also do not care about ranks and what people say. â€Å"He thought very well of all ranks, but he would not himself have liked to be of any rank in which he had not such close contact with ‘business† (Elliot 6. :3. 24). In contrary Mr. Bolstered cares about rank and buys Featheriness property to rise in rank. Rank and class is also great important to Fred and a constant issue to Will Ladies.Fred Vinci and Will Ladies is another contrasting couple in similar situations. Although Eliot do es not seem to condemn rank absolutely, she views it from several perspectives. On one hand there is the whole Vinci family who is extremely status conscious. Fred is constantly aware of his rank which makes him a self-indulged, â€Å"pleasure seeking† (Elliot 6. :3. 23) and idle man who thinks he has a right to prosperity without work and effort. Fred was brought up in a way he never had to think about money and also not to think about a way he should earn it. The children had no standard of economy' (Elliot G. :3. 23). Rank was of great 4 importance and â€Å"even when Caleb Garth was prosperous, the Evinces were on undiscerning terms with him and his wife, for there were nice distinctions of rank in Middleware; and though old manufacturers could not any more than dukes be connected with none but equals, they were conscious of an inherent social superiority which was defined with great nicety in practice, though hardly expressible enjoying the sense of belonging to no clas s† (Elliot 6. :5. 46). Will finds his position to be liberating.He doesn't have to follow the same social rules as everyone else. If he wants to lie on the rug instead of sitting bolt upright in a chair, he lies on the rug. Ladies and Fred both were sponsored by other people. Fred by his father and Ladies by Mr. Cubans, but Eliot shows, that there are different ways to handle this situation. Ladies works for Mr. Brooke and never considers whether this is appropriate for him or not. Others, like Mr. Cheetah, criticism his conduct. Fred instead thinks work is below his standard and not appropriate.In addition he lives beyond his meaner and has no problem in indenting himself. He believes he â€Å"had a right to be free from anything disagreeable† (Elliot 6. :3. 23) and winced under the idea of being looked down upon as wanting funds for small debts. However 160 pounds were not really small debts, but Fred could ask nobody else than Mr. Garth who was the â€Å"poorest and the kindest† (Elliot 6. :3. 23). Finally Fred is pulled out of his situation through the Garth family. Elite's secular understanding of morality includes the belief in the possibility of moral growth and responsibility of men for their actions.Still this growth is only possible with the support of the society. This is the reason why her individuals are necessarily part of society and those who cut themselves off from society fail. Eliot is most concerned with the improvement of society (Kayaked G. 2003). Fred is a good example that even though he has false tendencies he is able 5 to change, although this is only possible with the help of others, namely Mary and Mr. Garth. Mr. Garth always believed in Fed and was sure â€Å"the lad would turn out well† (Elliot 6. :3. 3), however he thinks that Fred â€Å"hasn't got a principle in him to make him more afraid of doing the wrong thing by others than of getting his own toes pinched† (Elliot 6. :3. 25). In contrary La dies has honor and principle although he is in a similar situation and depends on money of others. In Will Ladies Eliot created a character that shows not only pride but also perseverance. Eliot conveys her understanding of morality through a realistic presentation. She does this to make her readers believe that no matter how hard the circumstances are, man can act morally (Kayaked G. 2003).Ladies neither accepts Balustrade's money nor the payment from Mr. Cubans when he did not agree with him any longer and he is proud of the fact that his mother kept clear of the shady dealings of her father's business, and his grandmother, who was willing to sacrifice her family fortune to marry the man she Ovid. Both Fred and Ladies show that the individual has a choice in his own life. This way Eliot questions the issue of determinism and free will. She conceives that man's life and choice are basically determined, but man is still responsible for his choices and acts as he retains the faculty of free will (Kayaked G. 003). Otherwise it would not have been possible for Ladies to marry Throated in spite of the financial pressures of Caboose's codicil and the prejudices of the Middleware citizens regarding his mixed descent with his â€Å"dangerously mixed blood† (Elliot 6. :5. 46). Eliot obviously does not agree with these kinds of prejudices and stereotypes as she little children† and nice to older ladies (Elliot G. :5. 46). 6 Elite's attitude towards women and marriage are another interesting point. Women play a very important role in Middleware and are a driving force behind the men.Also Mr. Garth knows that and insists that Fred â€Å"loves Mary and a true love for a good woman is a great thing, 0 it shapes many rough fellow' (Elliot 6. :6. 56). On the other side Mary is aware of men's needs and knows that â€Å"husbands are an inferior class of men, who require keeping in order† (Elliot 6. :8. 77). Also Mrs.. Garth supports her husband by stressin g out that the right thinking inside of a person is what he has to follow no matter what other people say about you. Mimi must have it inside you that your plan is right and that plan you follow' (Elliot 6. :4. 40).Both Ladies and Fred are strongly influenced and directed by women. In Fried's case Marry is the one who leads him on the right pass. She would not marry him, because she sees that they cannot make a life together unless he finds his true place in the world. The church is for Mary obviously not the true place as she thinks he would be a ridiculous clergyman. Mary is not blinded by class or rank, but sees in Fred an â€Å"idle frivolous creature† (Elliot 6. :3. 25). She shows more pride than he has. â€Å"l should be ashamed to say that I loved a man who must always be hanging on others, and reckoning on what they would do for him† (Elliot 6. 3. 25). Therefore Mary tries to make a responsible man out of Fred, one that is acting and not only talking so he can be respected like her father is. Also Throated is responsible for Will's career. Trochee's great quality is her ability to influence people by the strength of her idealism, and this has ruefully affected Ladies: â€Å"But that simplicity of hers, holding up an ideal for others in her believing conception of them, was one of the great powers of her womanhood. And it had from the first acted strongly on Will Ladies 0, he felt that in her mind he had found his highest estimate (Elliot G. 8. 77). Without the influence of Throated, we are made to feel, Ladies would have remained a rootless aesthete. However 7 Will's love for Throated is giving and altruistic. He wants to protect her and lift her up. He â€Å"always seemed to see more in what she said than herself saw' (Elliot 6. 4. 37). In Middleware women have great power and influence on their husbands. However Eliot promotes their subordinate position which is expressed in the duty of the wives to support and follow their husbands n o matter what happens. Mrs..Bolstered bears her husband and chooses to live with less comfort and stay with him although he has to leave Middleware in disgrace. She acts differently from her niece Roseland who is not willing to share the hardship of her husband, but is shown as an eccentric and selfish character in contrast to Throated who submissively accepts her role as Mr. f her characters conveys her attitude either as good or as bad example. Determinism and free will as well as the humanistic and applied side of religion are her major concerns.

It depends on the writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

It depends on the writing - Essay Example On the contrary, you find the same bosses, employers or supervisors advising on safety and against overloading. Despite all the overload, there is little motivation done to the workers as they still the same amount of compensation they get on normal routine. The cartoonist, Rick Enright, has been creating cartoons that especially criticize on industries, motivation, work effort, enthusiasm, delegation and responsibility, weights and heavy lifting which are mostly published on the website: jantoo.com (Enright 1). In his cartoon above, there are two people with uniforms and helmet, representing workers. However, between the two workers, one is adding more load onto the other’s already heed load. At the same time, the one adding the load is giving out a caution that the one being loaded should not to â€Å"over-do it.† The writing, â€Å"SAFETY FIRST† is put here to show how people usually say what they don’t actually mean. This is because, if one was to put safety first, then there was not supposed to be the overloading to the point that some boxes have even fallen. The fallen box shows how the rate of overload to an extent that some cannot be attended to. If we take the loader to be the one delegating responsi bilities, we can say that the cartoon depicts a situation where those who delegate duties usually try to show they care about your safety, so they advise you not to overload yourself. However, in the real sense, it is them; the loaders, or those who delegate duties, who delegate much responsibilities and duties to you. One might wonder whether it true that these people really mean what they say. The main problem here, is that these delegators would like to accomplish targets. By so doing, they delegate excess duties to their juniors to be accomplished within a shorter period. On the contrary, when it comes to the time of giving bonuses, the same delegators do not remember those who really worked hard and deserves the bonus. Instead, those who do not

Theories of Sentencing and Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories of Sentencing and Punishment - Essay Example "Philosophical reflection on punishment has helped cause, and is itself partially an effect of, developments in the understanding of punishment that have taken place outside the academic world(STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA)i". In ordinary sense, punishment indicates a retributive treatment. Before going to the deeper, it is necessary to add that whatever the form of punishment may be, i. e. preventive, retributive, reformative and so on; the core purpose of punishment is to facilitate the offenders getting rectified and make other people conscious as to the negative impact of criminalities. In this context, before providing the treatment to a particular offender, the societal aspects of the offenders should be given utmost importance. In addition, it may also be reasoned that as without threat and coercion, the social order cannot be achieved the introduction of punishment for the prevention of crimes and maintaining social order is so necessary. The punishment awarded should be rational in proportion to the degree and nature of punishment. The effects of punishment have made people aware as to its consequences. Thus, the philosophical outlook of punishment is greatly laid in assessing the merits of punishments awarded. But the habitual offenders or recidivist should not be treated alike to that of other offenders. Axiomatically speaking, punishment should not be so atrocious rendering inhumane; not violating the right of the offenders; should be proportional. Justifiability of the Theories of Punishment Countries have developed different theories of punishment while dispensing the criminal justice system in their respective legal systems. Most prominent theories are deterrent, retributive, preventive and reformative. Principally, the purpose of deterrent theory is to keep the offenders aloof from committing the crimes. They are made understood as to the negative implications of the crimes. Efforts are also made to help the offenders in making rational decision as regards the consequences of punishment. Reasonably, there is no unanimous opinion as regards the suitability of retributive theory. "There is a mix theory involving the traditional retributivism and utilitarian arguments along with some other theoretical ideas (Sentencing Law and Policy, 2005)ii".Actually, neither of the punitive, retributive, or reformative treatment of punishment can serve the purpose of sustaining social instability. Both the punitive and reformative approach should be coordinated for the better result o f punishment and help building the society in a sophisticated manner. Punishment should be provided all alike. But, "many federal white collar defendants spend their increasingly long sentences in still low-security (Mike, 2005)iii". In America, race, gender and age are most prominent considerations in case of sentencing and punishing the offenders. "Young black males are sentenced more harshly than any other group and the influence of offender's age on sentencing is greater among males than females (STEFFENSMEIER, ULMER & KRAMER, 1998)iv". Statutory Provisions "Evidence of confessions or admissions is admissible in the court subject to certain conditions determining whether they are voluntary and/or reliable (Nobles & Schiff, 2000)v". It is certain that

Carbon footprint estimate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon footprint estimate - Research Paper Example All these average to 8kwh per day in reference to the monthly bill of 240kwh. This translates to 2,880kwh per year, which is generated from coal. According to the Wright, Kemp and Williams (2011), coal, which is the source of electricity in this case, produces about 0.91 Kg of Carbon Dioxide per kWh. Home electricity use therefore contributes 2.62 tons of Carbon per year. Travelling is also a critical contributor to carbon emissions. I commute to and fro a total of 10 Km per day with a public bus that according to Reggiani and Schintler (2005) generates 60g of CO2 for one passenger per Kilometre. From this, perspective, I contribute 0.219tons of CO2 per year through daily commuting. Daily beef consumption is also an important indirect contributor of CO2 among other greenhouse gases emitted by the animals in to the atmosphere. The CO2 is mainly as a result of cultivation, processing and transportation of animal feeds. For example, Rohrer (2007) estimates the CO2 generated to produce 1kg of beef to be 13.3 kg and 0.95 kg for 1 litre of milk. Fruits and vegetables are estimated to contribute 0.7kg of CO2 per kg of food. The daily consumption of 0.5 kg of meat therefore adds up to 2.43 tons of CO2 per year while 0.5 litres per day will contribute 0.173tons of CO2 per year while consumption of 0.5 kg fruits and vegetables per day contributes 0.13 tons of CO2 annually. According to Goodall (2007), natural gas such as methane has been found to contribute 0.23 kg of CO2 per kWh of gas used. Gas has to be used daily for cooking and warming food and I use approximately 8 kWh per day. This translates to 2,928 kWh per year, meaning that 0.67 tons of CO2 are generated through culinary activities in my house, yet some foods such as bread are ready for consumption. Water usage in the house could have been a major contributor to CO2 if measures were not put in place to minimize the number of units used per day.

Term paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Term paper - Assignment Example Non verbal communication includes the use of gestures, body languages, the dressing code and even the scent. All these convey very significant information which at times speaks even louder than verbal communication. There is also the written communication which may be in the form of letters, memos, reports, minutes, books, emails, internet and magazines. Another form of communication is the use of visuals such as graphs, maps, logos, charts among others (Alvesson 45-9). The key elements of communication include the message, the sender, the receiver, encoding, decoding, medium of transmission, and the feedback. The message is the information that is being transmitted. For communication to be effective, the message has to be very accurate, clear and correct. The central idea ought to be necessarily communicated very clearly so that the receiver is able to understand and utilize the content of the message. The sender is the person who is transmitting the message. He is the one to determine the medium to use in sending the information. The sender is therefore very important in the process of communication since he is able to determine the success or failure of communication. If the sender uses a wrong channel, the information may not reach the intended audience. Similarly, if he does not embrace the clarity of the ideas that are to be communicated, the information may get distorted and therefore not serve its intended purpose. Communication is very essential at the work place. Without effective communication in an organization, several problems are bound to arise. As such, for any organization to realize its objectives effectively there ought to be effective transmission and communication. Effective and efficient communication is critical for managers in organizations so as to perform the basic functions of management including: leading, planning, organizing, and controlling. Communication

The concept of peak oil has been devised to reflect scarcity Essay

The concept of peak oil has been devised to reflect scarcity associated with oil supplies. But surely the price of oil would be a more efficient indication of its scarcity - Essay Example In contrast to the peak oil concept, global oil production showed a decline from its peak point at 74 mb/d in 2005; however, after a short decline the figures rebounded, and in 2011 there were higher production of oil than 2005 (US energy information and administration, 2011). Peak oil is ascertained by taking into account extraction rates from each oil well, the predicted oil reserves, and total extraction rate of an oil field comprising of associated oil wells (Berdellà ©, 2011). Here the core contentious issue is that the concept of ‘peak oil,’ which had been devised to reflect oil scarcity, is an ambiguous indicator of scarcity. Instead, some economists content that oil prices prove to be a more efficient indication of the scarcity of oil. Various experts contend that oil scarcity is dependent on the rate of consumption, where constraints placed on supply side are based on product demands. James L. Smith in his research papers, using benchmark scenario, high growth scenario and low growth scenario graphs, proved that peak timing is inconsistent as an indicator of oil scarcity (2011, pp. 8-13). Observations revealed that during 2007-08 economic crisis, despite oil supplies not increasing, there was loosening in the oil scarcity factor, owing to low demand. The equation for supply-demand graph can be plotted effectively through the factor of pricing, hence making oil prices a better indicator for its scarcity. Natural oil does not have any uniform or any standardised quality, and tends to vary significantly, which range from medium quality oil, to oil with high API gravity (high quality) from Saudi Arabian fields, to low API gravity (poor quality) heavy oil from fields in South America and Canada. Despite reports of fall in high quality oil levels, as far as supply of heavy oil is concerned, there is no scarcity, and many oil fields in deep-water areas remain unexplored (Stier, 2008). The Saudi Arabian high API oils are relatively easy to extract and oil

Business decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Business decision making - Essay Example For home delivery and take away orders, an addition 2% of added cost will be charged due to packaging material used (Katsigris and Thomas, 2008, p. 23). 12 Analysis of figure above 5: - majority of the students at 86% replied affirmatively that they would visit the new pizza hut if establiAd. The positive response means that the Pizza Hut if established will succeed (Fullen, 2005, p. 1). 14 The manager will be overseeing the overall running of the pizza hut. He/she is required to process and also check invoices, bills and maintain records. The cashier will only be receiving cash but the drawer for control purposes will be under the manager (Baraban and Durocher, 2010, p. 299). 16 On the response to a request by Pizza Hut Restaurant Company, the business and management consultancy firm I work for was hired to carry out a feasibility analysis for them to open up an outlet close to the Coventry University campus. I was assigned to lead the study and present the finding in two months. Pizza Hut Restaurant Company is a Restaurant chain in America that is renowned for offering pizza packages of different styles. It also offers salads, buffalo wings, garlic breads and pasta. Results of this analysis will be used to decide whether the project will be executed or not (Walker, 2007, p. 73). A Pizza Hut Restaurant Company outlet is an ideal outlet to start near the campus due the high demand of fast food by students. A huge population of the campus also make a business idea viable. In particular, the analysis will enable the investors understand the purpose of the study, methods to be used or applied in data collection, analysis and presentation. They will also understand the survey methodology and sampling frame used in the analysis. Growth forecast of the business will be estimated, and trend lines included in the analysis to enhance the forecasts (Baraban and Durocher, 2010, p. 298). Primary sources were reviewed by use of questionnaires in order to determine the

Core Competencies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Core Competencies - Assignment Example This is accompanied by other roles such as promotion of health and ensuring that people are protected from diseases and infections as best as they can through offering of advice during treatment such as advice on sexually transmitted diseases and infections and on reducing obesity among others. Nurse practitioners also carry out counselling with the patients and the relatives and friends of a patient. This may be in preparation of the outcome of results of treatment and especially if the news are devastating. The most common cases are when breaking death news to the relatives and friends or news about terminal diseases. In all of these, a nurse practitioner has to build relationship in order to communicate effectively with the patient. The communication requires cultural competence as patients are culturally diversified and have various cultural beliefs and systems that need to be recognized beforehand and respected. Lastly, a nurse practitioner is supposed to prepare a plan of care for a patient and utilize it using evidence-based practice. The plan of care has to also be explained to both the patient and the relatives for decision making and implementation as well as evaluation (Department of Health and Human Services HRSA, 2002). A nurse administrator is in charge of the administration duties in a health care facility. The administration duties are similar to those of any other manager the only difference being that a nurse administrator is also a nurse and hence understands the medical field better. The most important of the role is the knowledge of the health care environment. This includes knowledge of the health care policies present, the delivery models that can be used, the risks that are anticipated and how to manage them as well as patient safety and case management. The nurse administrator should also exhibit communication and relationship building as one of the roles. This incorporates building and maintaining a working

Developed countries Essay Example for Free

Developed countries Essay One of their impositions is the much-touted phenomenon of globalization. This is literally being stuffed down the third world throat which is already over-choked with Western sleaze. Everybody knows that it is a Western ploy for self-promotion, yet the brazen attitude of the West to package it as an exclusive blessing for the teeming millions of the developing world is strange. There was a time when people disguised even a blessing which in fact need no disguise; they have at least some spot of decency in them. But now even a curse is being strutted as a virtue. But the facts call out different shots. The whole plan is a Western conspiracy against the developing world and might prove the last nail in its coffin. Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2004) is of the view that â€Å"While global economic integration has grown over the past decades, global inequality has increased. In a clear rupture with the pattern over previous decades, global inequality has increased sharply since the 1980s. † There is now little doubt that globalization of the world is inevitable. Because of the magical innovations set in by technology distances are dissolving like aspirin in a bowl of water, communication is becoming instant as the blink of human eye and decisions are being taken in split seconds across the globe. In general term, it is this shrinking of time and space that can be defined as globalization. Sooner or later, the globe must be a teeny-weeny easily accessible place. More suspect is the haste with which globalization is being bulldozed into the third world. It took the Europeans more than half a century to arrive at a reasonable consensus for creating a European Union and yet they allow only a handful of nations to join it. The economically stable European countries do not allow the cash-strapped countries to join them unless and until they upscale their living standards. This requirement is meant to ensure that when the barriers of immigration, trade, capital flow out and other stumbling blocks are lifted, there are no mass confusions which might threaten established society and living standards of the rich nations. If they are cautious about a developed area like Europe, how come they are not worried about what will happen when barriers are dismantled between bizarre countries like Somalia and centers of serenity like Australia? The rich countries are not worried because their brand of globalization is a dystopia unlike the European Union. The only barriers they wish to snap through the World Trade Organization are those which have been raised by the third world for the cushioning of their industry and trade from the more advanced and developed countries. There is not even a small reference to the barriers erected by rich countries to pre-empt migration. On the contrary stringent laws are being imposed to ensure that the cozy life style of their societies is not disrupted by immigrants from the ‘cash-clipped’ countries. The West is obviously very selective and its veneer of egalitarianism is only a smoke screen to hide its more sinister intentions. For example, it will never capitulate to the demolition of certain barriers, â€Å"even though hell should bar the way†. These are the barriers for the transfer of technology, easy access to capital, equal opportunity, partnerships and a host of other barriers whose retention gives the West an edge over the East. It is no denying the fact that globalization is very helpful for the developed countries. It will definitely reduced the status of poor countries to that of suppliers of raw materials while the developed countries will chuckle at them and will use this raw material to fill the stomachs of their always hungry industries.. The capitalist free traders are now not in need to compete with the communists and so they have stopped showing a friendly face. Their greed knows no bounds. They looked for countries which had fought hard to gain independence; next thing they want of them is to give up that precious independence, to do away with their borders, to allow the capitalists free access to do what they like to the economies of these poverty-stricken countries. This term is given the name of free competition by the capitalists of the developed world. As they merge and acquire each other, they become monstrous giants against whom the small businesses in the poor and developing countries will not be able to compete. Now, what is the meaning of competition if you cannot win at all in the end? A few of these big giants will control the economy of the whole world. And it is a sad thing that they are not above cheating and corruption.

Individual Team And Organisational Objectives Management Essay

Individual Team And Organisational Objectives Management Essay Performance objectives can be defined as a goal that describes something that has to be accomplished within a given period of time. In other words, performance objectives express the direction and level of achievement expected from the organisation as a whole and, at lower levels, from the individual parts, team part, sections and departments which make up the organisation. http://www.exponentialtraining.com. The writer will be using his care company called Extra Mile Care Company as an illustration on how a performance objective applies to his organisation. The nature of the job description of the organisation is domiciliary care which means we help people who want to remain at the comfort of their beloved homes but are unable manage on their own, to achieve their daily task such as personal care. 1.1 Explain The Links Between Individual, Team And Organisational Objectives. As Carlos (1999) stated, the link between individual, team and organisational objectives is an agreed contract to achieve a common goal within a specific period of time. And as a matter of fact, the link between individual, team and organisation objectives simply describes the overall objectives which the team and the organisation aimed to achieve on either a short term period or long term period. At Extra mile, individual, team and organisation objective is to provide best care service to those who need their service in the community and to be the best care company in the country by 2013 and by achieving this, the other objectives such as giving their best care training quality also have to be met. And for this reason, the organisation strategic creates an effective link between individual, team and the organisation objectives so that the effort of both individual and team and the organisation can aligned with the organisation overall business plan. Extra mile organisation objectives S Specific Objective is specific because the company specialised in caring. M Measurable because the company have a group of people that needs the service. A Achievable Team objectives are achieved with a precise period of time R Realistic Our clients relied on Extra mile carers in looking after them or relatives. T- Time specific The Company have a time limit of when the objective should be achieved. 1.2 Identify The Selection Of, And Agree, Individual And Team Objectives According to Ryan (2007), in other to accomplish explicit and valuable results, there must be a need for a proper selection of individual and team for objectives in any organisation. Selection of and agree individual and team objectives is a process of selecting a right individual or team to carry out a particular job effectively, so as to achieve the organisation objective. A right individual and team must be accessed through their level of competency, right skills and knowledge, backgrounds, medical reports and so on. At extra mile, selection of, and agree, individual and team objectives is a very crucial task which is normally carried out by HR Manager(s). This is a process of getting a right individual for a right objectives, as well as right team for the right objectives upon agreement. Every staff (both individual and team) of extra mile are equally access, so as to know if they can achieve the organisation objectives. Because of the nature of the organisation objectives, Extra mile identifies the selection of both individual and team through their: Qualifications Experience Age Right skills and knowledge Personal interest for the job Medical history Criminal Records bureau check (CRB) It is the responsibility of managers to make sure that they select right individual or team for the organisation objectives, because failure of right selection of an individual or a team will have a terrible influence on the companys objectives. 1.3 Identify And Agree Areas Of Individual And Team Responsibility In Achieving Objectives Dewaker (2008), suggested that individual and team are required to first of all understand the basic objectives of the organisation for which they are working and the manager is required to define the better details of the job or task to his staff so that he may be able to relate his contribution towards achieving the overall objective of the organisation. Identifying areas of individual and team responsibilities in achieving objectives is mostly carried out by the team leader or the manager; this is a process of knowing the responsibilities of individual and team in achieving objectives. At Extra mile Care Company, the basic responsibilities of their staffs both individual and a team in achieving objectives are outlined by the manager or in the staff contract letter. Responsibilities of carers at extra mile care company for their clients are: Personal care, which includes washing, bathing, showering, assistance with dressing/ undressing, toileting, etc. Assistance with medication. Shopping. Preparing and cooking meals and snacks. Laundry. Health hygiene cleaning. Community access. Emotional support. This will become the individual or team responsibilities, only if they agree to carry out the responsibility. 1.4 Identify the need to create an environment of trust and support with others Fisher (2006) suggested that managers who build trust within their team are more likely to create an environment of openness where people feel good about themselves and others. Trusted colleagues helps people to accomplish their work, and people work better if they are treated with respect, support trust and honesty by those they work for. At extra mile, the manager realised the importance of creating an environment of trust and support with others because it helps in many ways such as: Cooperation between individual and team Increase in loyalty and commitment from those they manage Increase in number of good working relationships Decrease the number of difficulty relationship by converting them to neutral. Ashok (2010) also stated that low trust environment people suffer as they cannot work to the full potential due to lack of support from others which puts hurdles on growth, coexistence and co-operation. 2.1 Evaluate and assess individual and team performance against objectives According to Cristina et al (2003); it is a basic fundamental of any organisation is to design how to evaluate and access performance of both team and individual member, and the assessment should be focus on the team and individual outcome. At extra mile, evaluation is undertaken to: Set performance objectives Assess past performance Help improve current performance Assesses training and development needs Established channel of communication Facilitate review of employees Develop human relation skills of the assessors. Extra mile evaluate and assess their staff and team performance against objectives by the outcome of their performance and the organisation mainly does this evaluation so as to know whether or not the individual is meeting up the companys objectives. And in process the term of quantity, time and cost of employee is also measured. Also its a systematically evaluation of individual and team employees job-related strengths and weaknesses to a set of pre-defined organisational standards. Generally Organisation assesses team outcomes like quality, quantity, creativity cost, and timeliness of the team deliverable. 2.2 Identify methods of providing feedback to individuals and teams on performance Williams and Curtis (2005) stated that, regular feedback based on objectives assessments of performance need to be given. Feedback is a discussion between people which reveals back how another person sees someone elses behaviour or performance. At Extra mile, given feedback is part of an assessments and about behaviour or an activity which highlight something well done or offering suggestion about how to do something better, and it is an important role that has to be carried out by the manager(s) and the reason for carrying out feedback is to ensure that staffs are satisfied with their objectives and to see how the individual or team performs in their objectives, also to check if there is anything that has to be improved in the organisation Methods of providing feedback at extra mile are in following ways: Self-assessment Verbal feedback to individuals Verbal feedback to team One-on-one feedback Feedback on behaviour Feedback on information Feedback on performance Feedback is a critical for extra mile Care Company because of the nature of the job, so as to learn how to improve their performance and suggestion on what to do in improving the staff performance in achieving their objectives should be discuss during the feedback. 2.3 Identify the causes of conflict, and describe strategies to minimise or prevent conflict According to Harris et al (2001), when conflicts arises, managers and supervisors who are in a position to influence and affect the attitudes and actions of those in disagreement may find it helpful to identify the causes and feelings of the parties involved. At extra mile conflict sometimes arise between colleagues, competitors and even clients. And once this occur, the manage will first of all identify the cause of that conflict and then find solution the that conflict if in any case is beyond what he can do then he will seek the advice of those are superior to him/her. The identified causes of conflict that has occurred in the organisation are: Lack of trust Different personal values Lack of participation Lack of resources Not achieving objectives Strategies to minimise or prevent conflicts Effective communication Participation in decision-making Team building Provision of flexibility Strategies to minimise conflict should be design in other to prevent, minimise and resolve conflict in the institution that will result in effectiveness and efficiency at individual and institutional level. Gupta (2007) 2.4 Explain recording systems for performance assessment for individuals or teams According to() Recording system for performance assessment is a prominent personality in field of human resources, it is a document in an organisation that serves as evidence of an activity of transaction formed by the organisation. Recording system at extra mile is a systematic, periodic and impartial record of an individual or teams activities in the matters pertaining to their present job. Processes of recording system at extra mile are: A content analysis- describe content in the organisation that needs recording A file plan- indicate where record are to be kept and how long to keep the records A compliance requirements document- rules that organisation must follow Process for holding records- needed when event such as litigations occurs Unmanaged recording system makes the performance of duties more difficult, costs organisations time, money and resources. 3.1 Explain a performance improvement cycle Performance improvement cycle is a process that design, measure, assess and improve performance of organisation strategies. And the ultimate goal is to allow the organisation to meet its goals. Joint commission recourses (2001). Performance improvement circle is an integral part of Extra Mile Care Company, and the company has determined to continuously improve their performance and demonstrate the quality of their service. These are process of improvement circle at extra mile namely: Design this is a stage that requires identifying the main aim of the organisation and for the process and design that allows it to achieve its objectives Measure- this is a stage provides a process on how well the organisation has achieved their aims. Assess this is a process where the company set their priority on what has to be achieved, and the assessment opportunity enables the organisation to rank priorities Improve- improvement actions are based on the results of measurement and assessment, at this stage the company would have known the areas thats they need to improve and implement specific innovations, which involves redesigning the process. Effective management of individual performance rests on managing the performance cycle. 3.2 Discuss the indicators of poor performance According to DuBrin (2008), poor performance is an ineffective job performance that does not meet the required standards for achieving the organisation objectives. Ineffective performers lower the growth of organisational objectives directly by not accomplishing their fair share of work, by so doing it lowers the organisation productivity and for this reason it is very important to deal with issues of poor performance in the organisation. At extra mile Care Company, consequences of poor performance are enormous and the HR manager ensures that they effectively manage the staffs to the required standard of the organisation. Indicators of poor performance are: Employee- Insufficient mental ability and education, Insufficient job knowledge, Low motivation, Excessive absenteeism and tiredness, Alcoholism and drug addiction Lateness Manager- Inadequate communication about job responsibility, Inadequate feedback, Negative and untrusting attitude, Bullying. Organisation- Organisation culture that tolerates poor performance, Intentional threat to job security, Reduce productivity Changes in policies without staff consultation Effective methods to deter underperformance For any organisation to handle poor performance successfully, certain factors have to be considered such as: The manager(s) has to be confident and competent to tackle underperformance There must be a clear communication between managers and staff Mutual trust Effective performance management systems Organisational culture that encourages employee involvement Joint objective setting Good staff development practices Poor performance is legally defined as when an employees behaviour or performance might fall below the required standard 3.3 Evaluate methods that support performance improvement Performance improvement is a way of analysing performance problem and finding a means to ensure good performance. The methods of improving performance of staffs at extra mile is by improving their performance in achieving objectives in areas that the individual or team are not meeting up with their goals, and also appraising and rewarding individuals for job well done. Methods that support extra mile care companys staffs are as follow: Training- we give our staffs the best training so as to perform to the best of their ability when carrying out their jobs Motivating- we motivate our staffs so that they can feel the sense of belonging to the organisation, and also encourage them and acknowledge the work they have done. Rewards- it is our culture to reward any staff that carry out his or her duties effectively every month, and we do this so as to encourage others to perform better. Job security- we try as much as possible to keep our staffs who are willing to stay in their job and we also provide them with benefit such as sick pay, holiday pay and so on. Salary- we increase salary of our staff that are with the company for a number of year and we make sure sire that our staffs receive the best salary among other competitors. These are methods in which we support the performance of our staffs. However we make sure the cost of the training is justified by the improvements in productivity and performance its likely to bring. 4.1 Discuss the organisations disciplinary and grievance procedures Disciplinary and grievance procedures are basis which provides clear and transparent ways for dealing with difficulties which may arise as part of working relationship from either employers or employees perspectives. (http://www.cipd.co.uk) At extra mile care company, organisations disciplinary and grievance procedure is a set of standards of performance and conduct reinforced by company rules. The reason for Disciplinary and grievance procedures is to ensure that every staff of EMCC is treated the same way in the similar circumstance, and also to make sure that issues are dealt with fairly and reasonably. Reasons why disciplinary procedures are needed at emcc are as follows: Employer know what action to take when there is a problem with employee To enable staffs to make appropriate decision Solving matters without ending up in tribunals if minor. To enable employer and employee agree to suitable goals Set as a set of rule that governs the behavior of both emcc and its staffs Reasons why grievance procedures are needed at extra mile are: To provide the staffs the cause of action if they have complaint Solving matters without ending up in tribunals Creates a point of contact to resolve issues Gives employee what action to take if a dispute cannot be solved informally. Disciplinary and grievances are rules and procedures help to promote orderly employment relations as well as fairness and consistency in the treatment of individuals and also provide guideline for adherence to the rules. All this a backed up In a legal document in the UK. 4.2 Identify the role of the manager in both a disciplinary and a grievance procedure The role of managers in both disciplinary and grievance procedure is to implement the disciplinary action when necessary also to make sure that the issue that arise is resolve with involvement of external body such as ACAS. There are several stages where the manager enforces their power in disciplinary and grievance procedures Role of manager in disciplinary procedure at Extra mile care company Managers gives verbal warning if the offence is minor Managers gives written warning for a subsequence minor offense or more serious offence Managers gives final warning for repeated offences or a very serious offence It also the role of manager to dismiss an employee if an employee commits gross misconduct. Role of manager in grievance procedure at extra mile care company Manager investigate the complaint within the department If matter still not resolve, it will be investigated by a more senior manager (if any) Finally if the compliant is beyond the organisation grievances procedure, it may be pursued outside the organisation such as ACAS. 4.3 Summaries the key aspects of legislation that applies to an organizations disciplinary and grievance procedures Legislation that applies to organisation under April 2009 Code of Practice 1, is design to help employers and employee deal with disciplinary and grievances situation in the workplace. Legislation that applies to disciplinary procedures are: Establish the facts of each case Inform the employee of the problem Hold a meeting the employee to discuss the problem Provide employee with an opportunity to appeal Leg that applies to grievances procedures are: Employee must know the nature of grievances Hold a meeting with employee to discuss grivances Allow employee to be accompanied at the meeting Decide on appropriate action Allow the employee to take grievances further if not resolved In conclusion, the purpose of Arun, K., Rachana, S., Principles of business management: Vishal Enclave, New Delhi 27. Atlantic Publishers and Distribution, 2000 Armstrong M, Stephens T, (2005); Management And Leadership. Kogan page limited, London UK, and Sterling VA, USA. Cristina B, Susan G, (2003); Virtual teams that work. Jossey-Bass, san Francisco ca usa http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/discipline-grievances-at-work.aspx Lockett j (1992) Effective performance management, kogan page plc, London Ryan W (2007), performance by design, HRD pre Inc, Amherst us and Canada Dewaker G?(2008), performance Appraiser and compensation management, PHI Learning private limited new Delhi Eddie F(2006) Development of new competency and behavior model for skill in working with people for project managers, Druck and Bindungi, Germany Ashok G (2010) creating values in life, Author House, USA. William and Curties ?(2005) marketing management in practice, Elsevier Butterworth, heineman Jordan Hill, oxford uk Jeff H.O Sandra j H(2002), Organisation behavior bost business books Binghamton Usa Gupta B.L(2007) management of competency based learning 1ST edition, ashok kumar mittal, India Dubrin A.J (2008), essentials of management 8th edition, south western cenagage learning, usa. http://www.tutor2u.net/business/gcse/organisation_aims_objectives.htm

As We Go Marching, Marching :: Equality Women Feminism Essays

As We Go Marching, Marching On April 25, 2004, over a million people of every gender, sex, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, class, and age participated in the March for Women's Lives in Washington, D.C. Examining the sea of people, I initially did not understand why such a great number of middle aged and older women were so angry. They were reaching the age where reproductive rights were becoming less of an issue for them personally, but I realized my naà ¯vetà © on two counts: one, they were not just marching for themselves and two, they were fighting to save the laws which they had changed to protect themselves over thirty years ago. They were marching for their daughters and granddaughters and nieces and goddaughters and students whose futures were being threatened just as their futures had been under attack when they were younger. Despite the movement for change of these Second Wave Feminists, legislation has been directed at the cause of gender inequities in the United States but gender equ ality has not been an effect of the legislation. In the late sixties and early seventies, the women of the Second Wave of Feminism created a social campaign for gender equality primarily in terms of economics. As Virginia Woolf points out in Three Guineas, women remain in the power of men so long as they are financially dependent upon them. (Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas, p. 132) Housing and food are required for survival and money is required for the attainment of both. Given their history of working in the home and caring for children, American society divided itself up into breadwinners and homemakers: men won the bread and women made the home. Consequently, women have had far fewer opportunities than men to earn money because girls were not raised with the idea that they would someday receive a paycheck with their name on it. Books such as Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique challenged society to think that women should have a choice about joining the work force outside the home. It is important to note that low income women had been compelled to garnish wages for centuries before suburban housewives dared to aspire to any role model other than June Cleaver. Friedan's work sparked the notion that all women everywhere might not be happy with housework and childrearing—women are women and are not only mothers and wives just as men are not only husbands and fathers.

education :: essays research papers

Many people think that they are not college material when struggling the first couple of years. Not being able to set their goals and know what they want to be could be very frustrating for them. College helps you figure out who you really are and who you want to be. Not all college students will know exactly what they want to study after high school, not all college students will know during college. By exploring different classes and careers you will find out what makes you happy. Happiness varies from person to person. For one person having a career they love will bring happiness, for others money is the only means of their happiness. Happiness comes from the persons standards and goals a person has set for themselves. Happiness is reached when goals are accomplished or are on pursuit of being achieved. When in high school most students are trying to personally develop on who they are. Once they are in college they start to develop personally on whey will be, and what they plan on doing for the rest of their lives. I like many students did not know what to do out of high school, I wanted to go off to college with my friends but my parents had other plans. They knew I was not ready for a four-year college. They knew me better than I knew myself, if I had gone straight to a university I would have made the same mistakes I made here at Imperial Valley College. My first year here at IVC I had no interest in classes, I was mostly interested in hanging out with my friends. It took me a year and a half of messing around to figure out what I wanted to do. When I had a moment of enlightenment on my future it was in my elected human relations class. During the semester we would visit the career center often searching professions that are available. There was a program that we would use called Eureka that was like an assessment test on what might like to do as a career. It would ask an endless number of questions on your likes and dislikes. You would input on what goals you might have for yourself such as how much money you would like to make, how many hours you wanted to work, and what kind of settings you would work in.

GENERAL MOTORS LEADS THE CHARGE :: essays research papers

GENERAL MOTORS LEADS THE CHARGE: The Launch of the GM Card In 1992 at a convention, Visa USA president and CEO Robert Heller belittled the arrival of non-band credit-card issuers. He joked that it wouldn’t be long before pizza parlors joined AT&T and General Motors in offering cards. Within a year he was punted and people were talking about McDonald’s having a credit card. The US Car Industry in the Early 90’s Flat demand and foreign competition made the early 90’s tough for the big three. In 1992 GM chalked up the largest annual loss in US corporate history, around $4.5 billion. Part of the solution to GM’s problem was to make better cars and make them more efficiently. That still left the issue of how cars were sold. End-of-the year rebates, cash-back, and dealer discounts were hard to control. Car buyers began to expect these incentives, so they waited and by waiting forced manufacturers to offer them earlier in the year. The GM Card In September 1992, GM teamed up with Household Bank, a major issuer of co-branded credit cards, to launch the GM Card under the MasterCard umbrella. The card allowed holders to apply 5% of their charges to the purchase or lease of a new GM car or truck. The credit was applied after the customer had negotiated his or her best deal on the vehicle. Cardholder were allowed to accumulate up to $500 a year in rebates, with a ceiling of $3500 over 7 years. GM spent $120 million on a marketing blitz. The GM Card rollout was the most successful ever in the credit-card business. After only twenty-eight days, there were one million accounts. In less than two months, there were over two million GM Card accounts, and card balances topped $500 million. The eight million-plus new accounts propelled Household Bank from 10th to 5th place among credit-card issuers. Annual charge volume on the GM Card was $5200, or two and a half times the national average. The Ford-Citibank Card In February 1993, Ford joined forces with Citibank.

Accounting: Prudence Concept Essay

Prudence concept: revenue and profits are included in the balance sheet only when they are realized(or there is reasonable ‘certainty’ of realizing them) butliabilities are included when there is a reasonable ‘possibility’ of incurring them. Also called conservation concept. Du Pont analysis A type of analysis that examines a company’s Return on Equity (ROE) by breaking it into three main components:profit margin, asset turnover and leverage factor. By breaking the ROE into distinct parts, investors can examine how effectively a company is using equity, since poorly performing components will drag down the overall figure. To calculate a firm’s ROE through Du Pont analysis, multiply theprofit margin (net income divided by sales), asset turnover(sales divided by assets) and leverage factor (total assetsdivided by shareholders’ equity) together. The higher theresult, the higher the return on equity. Return on Equity ROE. A measure of how well a company used reinvestedearnings to generate additional earnings, equal to a fiscal year’s after-tax income (after preferred stock dividends but before common stock dividends) divided by book value, expressed as a percentage. It is used as a general indication of the company’s efficiency; in other words, how much profitit is able to generate given the resources provided by itsstockholders. investors usually look for companies withreturns on equity that are high and growing. Net Working Capital Net Working Capital, is defined as Current Assets minus Current Liabilities. Current assets include stocks, debtors, cash & equivalents and other current assets. Current liabilities include all the short-term borrowings. The formula is the following and the figures are expressed in millions: operation costing hybrid of job-order and process cost systems. Companies that manufacture goods that undergo some similar and some dissimilar processes use this system. Operation costing accumulates total conversion costs and determines a unit conversion cost for each operation. However, direct material costs are charged specifically to products as in job-order systems. Amortization 1. The paying off of debt in regular installments over a period of time.  2. The deduction of capital expenses over a specific period of time (usually over the asset’s life). More specifically, this method measures the consumption of the value of intangible assets, such as a patent or a copyright. Preliminary expenses These are incurred for the incorporation of a company. They may be paid by the promoters before the company is incorporated or by the company after it is incorporated. And they include the following: a) professional charges paid for drafting of memorandum of association and articles of association; b) professional charges for consultation in incorporating the company; c) cost of printing of the initial copies of MoA and AoA; d) stamp duty for the documents; e) registration fee paid to the Registrar of Companies (RoC) for incorporation; f) bank charges incurred on the above; and g) incidental expenses such as stationary, conveyance, and so on. capital gain The amount by which an asset’s selling price exceeds its initial purchase price. A realized capital gain is an investment that has been sold at a profit. An unrealized capital gain is an investment that hasn’t been sold yet but would result in a profit if sold. Capital gain is often used to mean realized capital gain. For most investments sold at a profit, including mutual funds, bonds, options, collectibles, homes, and businesses, the IRS is owed money called capital gains tax. opposite of capital loss. Leverage 1. The use of various financial instruments or borrowed capital, such as margin, to increase the potential return of an investment. 2. The amount of debt used to finance a firm’s assets. A firm with significantly more debt than equity is considered to be highly leveraged. Leverage is most commonly used in real estate transactions through the use of mortgages to purchase a home. Job Costing Job Costing involves preparation to calculate the costs involved of a business manufacturing goods. These costs are recorded in ledger accounts throughout the year and are then shown in the final trial balance before the preparing of the manufacturing statement accounting concept and conventions In drawing up accounting statements, whether they are external â€Å"financial accounts† or internally-focused â€Å"management accounts†, a clear objective has to be that the accounts fairly reflect the true â€Å"substance† of the business and the results of its operation. The theory of accounting has, therefore, developed the concept of a â€Å"true and fair view†. The true and fair view is applied in ensuring and assessing whether accounts do indeed portray accurately the business’ activities. To support the application of the â€Å"true and fair view†, accounting has adopted certain concepts and conventions which help to ensure that accounting information is presented accurately and consistently.

Communication with Children Essay

In every aspect of life, at work and at home, our communication with those people around us influences and underpins our relationships with them, so developing positive attitudes and communication is essential to develop positive relationships. Getting to know people and showing interest in them and what they have to say is important to building respectful relationships. Remembering names, listening to what people have to say, being considerate of people and their views, all add up to positive relationship building. We work with adults where effective communication and trust will ensure the safety and well-being of the children we are caring for. It is essential that any information regarding any child is passed to the correct person especially if there is any cause for concern. Communication with an adult may be verbal only, but if there is a genuine concern for an aspect of learning or social or personal safety of a child, it will be backed up by written evidence. Discussions with our peers are important to build relationships of respect and trust. A teacher may have concerns about a child and might discuss this with her teaching assistant who may back up her concerns with her own observations. Being friendly and approachable will help encourage communication with children, young people and adults and always acting with honesty and fairness will develop positive relationships and respect. Communicating with your peers at work is likely to be quite different to how you would communicate with them in a social situation. Whilst at work it is important to be professional, however that doesn’t mean you can’t have a sense of humour! Quite often the person you need to speak to isn’t available so it may be that you will have to leave them a note, either in their pigeon hole or on their desk, and then it can be discussed in more detail when you are both available. We communicate in many different ways to many different people at work, we communicate with teachers about the children and what different resources are needed in the classroom, we communicate with parents  sensitively about their children, we communicate with the office staff regarding stationary supplies and resources, we communicate with the kitchen staff regarding lunch and the caretaker regarding repairs that we may have observed that need attending to or some other instructions. All these communications are important to get the best results and each may be approached differently. It is important to understand the correct approach to ensure the most positive outcome in each situation. Cultural differences may affect communication as misunderstandings can occur so it is important that when communicating with people from different cultural backgrounds you make yourself understood and be respectful of their culture. When communicating with children it must be remembered that children do not have the same understanding as adults and will take everything as it is said and will not interpret signals or things unsaid or assumed. Not all children will understand humour, although some will, so it is important to speak clearly to children and maybe repeat what you have said. It is also a good idea to ask them to repeat back to you what you have said if it is important that they have understood you, this way there will be no room for confusion. Also, get down to their level; they will feel more comfortable talking to you and not so intimidated. The age of a child is important to take into consideration. Very young children may not respond to humour as they may not understand. However an older child may respond positively to humour as it can relax them. Always adapt your language to the age of the child and speak clearly. The context of the communication may hugely influence how you might communicate. If the child has done something well or positive, just a big smile and thumbs up from across the classroom can communicate very effectively. Equally, a disapproving look and firm shake of the head may communicate across a classroom when a child has done something wrong. Tone of voice is important to portray your communication too. If what you are telling them is serious it must be delivered with a serious voice, equally praise should be delivered with an excited and happy tone and expression. In  general communication with children, they respond best to happy, excitable voices, so unless the message is serious, that is the tone I think is best to stick with! When communicating with children there are other things that may have to be taken into consideration. It may be that English is not their first language so extra care will be needed to ensure they have understood you. The child may have a sensory impairment, so you may have to speak facing them, slowly and clearly and using your hands where able. The child may have a speech, language or communication impairment so again you would have to speak to them in much the same way, speaking clearly and slowly and repeating instructions and asking them to repeat back to you so that you know they have understood instructions. Their cognitive abilities may be poor so you may have to adapt your communication to take into account their concentration span and focus or coordination. Also, if a child is sad you must be sensitive to that and be reassuring and comforting. A child may be agitated or angry and then you must be calming. If a child has cultural differences those differences must be taken into account and treated respectfully. Communication with adults may include body language and gestures that may go unobserved by children. Adults will also interpret nuances in tone of voice that children may not pick up on. Therefore it is more important to explain exactly what you are saying to children. You may not have to be as direct with adults. When managing disagreements with children it is important that the child believes he/she is being listened to and treated fairly. When I’m dealing with playground disputes I always listen to both sides of the story and get the whole picture. We then talk it through and decide what would have been a better way of dealing with their conflict and either or both apologises and we have a clean slate and fresh start. When dealing with disagreements between young people a similar approach can be taken but with a higher language level. Disputes may arise at work where  adults have differing opinions; it is important to listen to an alternative point of view and consider where there is common ground. Talking things through thoroughly and being open to an alternative approach is vital. If there is total disagreement and no solution can be found then a manager or head teacher will have to be involved.

John Proctor An Honorable Man

John is a man of strong moral beliefs, who is concerned only for the safety of his family and personal welfare. He does not care about the beliefs of any of the other people in the town and what his supervisor which is the Reverend, thinks either. After trying to avoid involvement in the witch trials he is later prosecuted for witchery and sentenced to hang. John tries to avoid any involvement in the Salem Witch trials. His reason for doing so is to protect his image because he is afraid he will be committed of adultery with Abigail Williams.Following these events he tries to save everyone’s lives by admitting to this adultery and ends up losing the trial along with his life. He did have a chance to live but instead of signing his name to keep his life, he wanted to die honorably with his friends not without a name, a soul, and with guilt. â€Å"John Proctors decision to die is reasonable and believable†. Reverend Parris, the Salem minister and Proctors immediate superv isor, says â€Å" there is either obedience or the church will burn like hell is burning.†John, on the other hand, â€Å"has come to regard his self as a king of fraud,† as long as he remains obedient to authority which he can’t respect. In other words he believes that he can’t be his true self when he has to follow the rules of lie and not by his morals. He thinks there is too much mention of hell in God’s church and about the dangers to the community to implicit in all this talk of witch craft. He is caught in a web of dilemmas involving not only his fate but his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community.â€Å"John is the individual who must decide weather or not he will assert himself against an overbearing authoritarian government. † â€Å"His loyalty to his own but his rebellion against the church really involves none but is own welfare, and that in no profound way. Although all this goes on in the end the community of Salem li es on his decision on weather to lie dishonorably or die honorably. John Proctor is looked upon as a respectable farmer, and as a individualist, he may be but he is still respected.John does not respect the church especially when a reverend so corrupt is the superior. John Proctor is setup as the individual who is revolting form the restrictions of too much authority. He does not like â€Å"the smell of this authority. † Many men were believed to be tempted by the Devil to do his bidding and they were thought of to be the enemy. â€Å"In Salem, the enemy is at least partially represented by Proctor, who is acting as an individual and is breaking away from the established authority. † He is a threat to the community, and will be considered as being working with the Devil.The one looked upon as a threat, ultimately, the central figure of drama, but still seen as a Christian is seen to be John Proctor. That is why he needs to show the people of Salem that he really does n ot have an alliance with the devil and that he will die not as the enemy but as a friend. He must show them he is and was committed to the society before it started to become corrupt. John showing he will not live with shame, he will live without it or die. He does not want to be remembered like that, he wants to be remembered and looked upon as â€Å"John Proctor.†John has two choices, to commit himself to one side or the other. The two choices were to either live with lies, guilt, no name, and no soul or die for his friends and in an honorable and justifiable way. As he his handed the blank paper and pen to sign away his life he looks at his friends faces and reads their expressions like a book and somehow he reads that why give yourself away to the devil as a lie when you can die for what you believe in and with the people you love. He has to choose, his choice was to die which was a choice to commit himself to his friends and die honorable, and as a honest man.He states t hat â€Å"I have three children,how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? † He says if he is dishonorable to his friends then this would be stuck on his back along with his family’s, so if he was to choose to lie his kids would not look up to their own father as a role model and he would not be remembered as a friend but as a foe. They would think of him as a liar and not faithful to his friends and family. So this is why he chooses to die so he leaves this world with him being remembered as honorable not dishonorable not only to his family but to his friends.â€Å"As a result of his involvement, John finds himself accused at being a witch. After being trialed and condemned to death, John refuses to confess and â€Å"give them the lie they want† because of his pride and stubbornness. † John even though he doesn’t want to die for such a pathetic reason, he is faced with the obstacle of being completely against the ot her condemned witches, and by his confession, becoming partly responsible for the deaths of his friends. His choice was to die which was a choice and attempt to commit himself to his friends and die an honorable and honest man which made his death true and justifiable. John Proctor an honorable man John is a man of strong moral beliefs, who is concerned only for the safety of his family and personal welfare. He does not care about the beliefs of any of the other people in the town and what his supervisor which is the Reverend, thinks either. After trying to avoid involvement in the witch trials he is later prosecuted for witchery and sentenced to hang. John tries to avoid any involvement in the Salem Witch trials. His reason for doing so is to protect his image because he is afraid he will be committed of adultery with Abigail Williams.Following these events he tries to save everyone’s lives by admitting to this adultery and ends up losing the trial along with his life. He did have a chance to live but instead of signing his name to keep his life, he wanted to die honorably with his friends not without a name, a soul, and with guilt. â€Å"John Proctors decision to die is reasonable and believable†. Reverend Parris, the Salem minister and Proctors immediate superv isor, says â€Å" there is either obedience or the church will burn like hell is burning.†John, on the other hand, â€Å"has come to regard his self as a king of fraud,† as long as he remains obedient to authority which he can’t respect. In other words he believes that he can’t be his true self when he has to follow the rules of lie and not by his morals. He thinks there is too much mention of hell in God’s church and about the dangers to the community to implicit in all this talk of witch craft. He is caught in a web of dilemmas involving not only his fate but his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community.â€Å"John is the individual who must decide weather or not he will assert himself against an overbearing authoritarian government. † â€Å"His loyalty to his own but his rebellion against the church really involves none but is own welfare, and that in no profound way. Although all this goes on in the end the community of Salem li es on his decision on weather to lie dishonorably or die honorably. John Proctor is looked upon as a respectable farmer, and as a individualist, he may be but he is still respected.John does not respect the church especially when a reverend so corrupt is the superior. John Proctor is setup as the individual who is revolting form the restrictions of too much authority. He does not like â€Å"the smell of this authority. † Many men were believed to be tempted by the Devil to do his bidding and they were thought of to be the enemy. â€Å"In Salem, the enemy is at least partially represented by Proctor, who is acting as an individual and is breaking away from the established authority. † He is a threat to the community, and will be considered as being working with the Devil.The one looked upon as a threat, ultimately, the central figure of drama, but still seen as a Christian is seen to be John Proctor. That is why he needs to show the people of Salem that he really does n ot have an alliance with the devil and that he will die not as the enemy but as a friend. He must show them he is and was committed to the society before it started to become corrupt. John showing he will not live with shame, he will live without it or die. He does not want to be remembered like that, he wants to be remembered and looked upon as â€Å"John Proctor.†John has two choices, to commit himself to one side or the other. The two choices were to either live with lies, guilt, no name, and no soul or die for his friends and in an honorable and justifiable way. As he his handed the blank paper and pen to sign away his life he looks at his friends faces and reads their expressions like a book and somehow he reads that why give yourself away to the devil as a lie when you can die for what you believe in and with the people you love. He has to choose, his choice was to die which was a choice to commit himself to his friends and die honorable, and as a honest man.He states t hat â€Å"I have three children,how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? † He says if he is dishonorable to his friends then this would be stuck on his back along with his family’s, so if he was to choose to lie his kids would not look up to their own father as a role model and he would not be remembered as a friend but as a foe. They would think of him as a liar and not faithful to his friends and family. So this is why he chooses to die so he leaves this world with him being remembered as honorable not dishonorable not only to his family but to his friends.â€Å"As a result of his involvement, John finds himself accused at being a witch. After being trialed and condemned to death, John refuses to confess and â€Å"give them the lie they want† because of his pride and stubbornness. † John even though he doesn’t want to die for such a pathetic reason, he is faced with the obstacle of being completely against the ot her condemned witches, and by his confession, becoming partly responsible for the deaths of his friends. His choice was to die which was a choice and attempt to commit himself to his friends and die an honorable and honest man which made his death true and justifiable.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Real Gdp

London School of Commerce Belgrade A Critical Analysis Of Real GDP Subject: Managerial EconomicsMentor:Student: Maja Paunovic Mirko Lazarevic Belgrade 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY3 INTRODUCTION2. ADVANTAGES OF REAL GDP43. LIMITATIONS AND SHORTCOMINGS OF REAL GDP4 3. 1 RENEWABLE FINITE RESOURCE5 3. 2 OLD AND CHILD CARE5 3. 3 UNDERGROUND ECONOMY5 3. 4 UNEMPLOYMENT6 3. 5 THE INFLATION RATE6 3. 6 POLUTTION7 3. 7 LEISURE7 3. 8 POPULATION7 3. 9 INEQUALITY OF WEALTH7 4. CONCLUSION8 REFERENCES9 1. Executive summaryThe gross domestic indicator (GDP) is one of the main indicators used to measure the health of a country’s economy. GDP represents the sum of all goods produces over a specific period of time or in other words it is the size of the economy. Usually, GDP is compared to the previous quarter or year. As an example, if a yearly measurement was taken and the GDP went up 3%, this means that the economy has grown by 3% over the last year. Measuring GDP can be complicated, the calculation can be done in one of three ways: the product method, the income method and the expenditure method.The fi rst method of measuring GDP is to sum up the value of all goods and services produced in the country. Basically, we focus on firms and add up all their production. This method is known as the product method. The second approach is the income method which is focused on the incomes generated from the production of goods and services. When we look back, we will see that this is the same as the sum of all values added at each stage of production. The added value is basically the difference between a firm’s income from sales and the cost of its purchases from other firms.The difference is made up of wages and salaries, rent, interest and profit. Basically, it consists of the incomes produced by those involved in the production process. The final approach to calculating GDP is to add up all expenditure on final output. Which includes the following: consumer expenditure, government expenditure, investment expenditure, exports of goods and services and imports of goods and services. This final method is called the expenditure method. 1 Introduction Economic production and growth, what GDP represents, has a huge impact on nearly everyone within that economy.In order to analyze the health of an economy or examine economic growth, it’s necessary to have a way to measure the size of an economy. Economists usually measure the size of an economy by the amount of stuff it produces. When GDP is calculated in relation to the population of a country this is known as the average GDP per capita. This is often used as an indicator of a country’s standard of living. When calculating GDP international incomes are not included, even those earned by domestic workers in other countries. However, as a measure of the standard of living in a country, GDP has its limitations and shortcomings. . Advantages of real GDP You can use GDP to examine all economies of the world, from the USA to Somalia. No matter if a country is churning out fishing equipment or cars, all of i ts products have a certain monetary value, which added up gives a universally recognized measure. This measure is especially helpful if you consider how different economies around the world are in terms of the goods and services they produce, and the way they reinvest their income – pay back debts or invest in industry sectors. GDP is dynamic; it changes constantly based on new figures on productivity, consumption and investments.Therefore, economists and decision makers can use GDP to measure an economy’s growth or decline. However, they can only do that provided they have an established and accurate mechanism to measure GDP value regularly; without that, they don’t have any data to compare whether present activity is worth more or less than in the past. By removing inflation, real GDP allows economists to make more accurate comparisons between countries and across multiple years. Multinational corporations use real GDP when deciding where to send their investm ent dollars or headquarter their operations. National governments use real GDP to set currency exchange rate targets and evaluate the effectiveness of economic policy by comparing one year’s real GDP data against other years. Central banks put significant weight on real GDP data when determining interest rates and other fiscal policy. Real GDP is also used to compute economic growth, known as the GDP growth rate. This is calculated by comparing each quarter to the previous one. If real GDP were not used, then you wouldn’t know whether it was real growth, or just price and wage increases.The ideal GDP growth rate is between 2-3%. The GDP growth rate is critical for investors to adjust the asset location in their portfolios. Investors also compare countries’ GDP growth rates – countries with strong growth attract more investors for their corporate stocks, bonds and even their own sovereign debt.3. Limitations and shortcoming of real GDP GDP per capita is not a direct increase of living standards and qu ality of life in a country, so policies aimed at maximizing GDP may be seen as ill conceived. This is due to many reasons, including;3.1 Renewable finite resource: Most of country may grow rapidly by exploiting their non-renewable finite resources such as oil and forests. They may also over- exploit resources which renew slowly, such as fish and wildlife. While current living standards may be high, those of future generations may be jeopardized. Therefore, GDP is unable to act as an indicator of future welfare. For example; the fishing industry in Europe is currently facing many problems as a result of over fishing in the past. This has had a significant impact on the GDP of European countries.GDP measures the total value of output produced, but it cannot distinguish between the effects of different types of output on living standards. For example; two countries have the same GDP per capita, but country A has a well-funded education and health system, whereas country B has a well-eq uipped army. It is obvious that country A will have higher living standards than country B, but this is not apparent from their GDP figures.3. 2 Old and Child Care: If you care for your parents when they're old and enfeebled, it doesn't contribute to GDP, but if you pay someone else to care for them, it does contribute.The same goes for childcare and mental illness. The act of caring for the permanently sick, however compassionate that may be, is a use of resources for no tangible gain. Therefore, it does not contribute to GDP' For these reasons, some people prefer to use other indicator to measure a country's standard of living. These social indicators take non-economic factors into account, such as literacy rate, and life expectancy. Some examples are the physical quality of life index (PQLI), the Human Development Index (HDI), and the Basic Well-being Index (BWI).3. 3 Underground economy: Oliver (2006) in his book ‘Macroeconomics' states about the underground economy as fol lows: ‘Underground economy is the part of economic activity not measured in official statistics, either because the activity is illegal, or because firms and workers would rather not report it to avoid paying taxes – is an old issue in Spain'. (p 45) Black market: Michael & Charles (1993) describes that everybody wants to take advantage of a carpenter's, car mechanics, or painter's, offer to do some work without a receipt.Agents engage in the black, or underground, economy for straight-forward reasons. First, they want to avoid taxes (the value added tax, employment and social security charges, profit taxes). Another reason is that criminal activities, such as drug dealing, prostitution, or racketeering, are obviously better kept underground. (p24) Different countries may have different sizes of informal/ ‘black' economy (e. g. crime, subsistence farming, drug dealer, and bartering and cash payments) and this is not taken into account by those who calculate GDP.GD P will therefore underestimate the actual value of output. For example; Russia has a very large black economy, so its relatively small GDP is a poor indicator of actual income and living standards. (Source: John Sloman, 2006, 6th ed,)3. 4 Unemployment: Oliver (2006) states that unemployment is the number of people who do not have job but are looking for one. It directly effects on the welfare of the unemployed. Although unemployment benefits are greater today than they were during the great Depression, unemployment is still often associated with financial and psychological suffering. It is not the question how much suffering depends on the nature of the unemployment. Real GDP is failure to measure unemployment of a country.3. 5 The Inflation Rate: Oliver (2006) states that ‘Inflation is a sustained rise in the general level of prices in the economy-called the price level. The inflation rate is the rate at which the price level increases. (Conversely, deflation is a sustained d ecline in the price level. It corresponds to a negative inflation rate)'. If the price level increase nothing happened for the rich people but something happened for the poor people. As example, some Asian Country there GDP is high, price of goods is also high, and the rich people can easily buy the goods because there income is high. But poor people which income is low they can't buy the goods. The real GDP mean per people per capital so real GDP can't measure the inflation rate which mean Standard of living.3. 6 Pollution: Environment is very important part of Standard of living. But this important part is polluted in many ways. Industry is produce lot of product. On the other hand, at the same time industry is throwing wastage or rubbish, smoke and useless chemicals.It is polluting environment by motor and vehicles which making sound and air pollution. Climate change is a big factor for standard of living. Power station and chemical plant which cause global warm and for that reas on why some countries like Maldives and south part of Bangladesh going down under water. Also High GDP per capita might be accompanied by high levels of pollution and exploitation of the workforce, thus causing a decrease in living standards which is not reflected in GDP figures. Therefore, GDP may overestimate living standards in a country. Here real GDP can't measure Standard of living. (Source: John Sloman, 2006)3. 7 Leisure: Leisure is important for every age. By growing GDP people going to be like machineries. People are all time busy for their earning money to build up their life. They don't have time for entertainment like cinema, game; party also there is not enough leisure centers where people can go easily. When people not involved with recreation to have proper leisure, it is not even mentionable whether the current GDP is high or low in the country. So, real GDP fails to measure the Standard of living.3. 8 Population: Population is a big impact of standard of living. Mos t of third world county has been suffering of this problem (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan). If the population increase GDP automatic decrease as a result standard of living of county go down. Real GDP cannot solve the countrymen problem.3. 9 Inequality wealth: GDP per capita is not an indicator of the distribution of wealth, because when GDP increases, this extra wealth may be received by only a small section of society with the rest of society even worse off. For example; the GDP of oil producing countries like Saudi Arabia is very high, but the wealth is only shared among a small minority of citizens, while the majority of citizens living relative poverty. (John Sloman, 2006) GDP can only measure the material standard of living, without taking into account the quality of life as perceived by each individual, which cannot be standardized across a population or countries. Let’s take USA and France for example.The USA had a GDP per capita of USD 46, 900 in 2008 (http://www. indexmundi. om/united_states/gdp_per_capita_(ppp). html) while France had 45, 982 (http://www. indexmundi. com/france/gdp_per_capita_(ppp). html). Not a big difference, France trails by a little. Now let’s consider how well are people in each country – In the happy planet index, France ranks 71 while the USA ranks 114, just below Madagascar. People in France are much happier than people in the USA. They have better and free healthcare, free education and so on. Besides these two countries Costa Rica has a GDP much lower than both (http://www. ndexmundi. com/costa_rica/gdp_per_capita_(ppp). html) but its people are considered to be the happiest in the world. Some countries, even though they have low GDP’s, its people are better off. Countries that one rarely hears of have very good life expectancies like in Andorra, Cayman Islands, and so on. (http://www. happyplanetindex. org/data/).4. Conclusion GDP discusses how economists measure the total growth of a nation. At this point it is important to know about how the GDP is doing in the change of standard life style.It is already assumed that real GDP shows the total amount of growth in value in specific year. Economist can predict what to achieve and what is the difference in achievement by the end of the year. As we have seen that real GDP is countable by the value, it is easy to know for any people to predict what further contribution needed in the country. But whatever the economist prediction is, the economic factors should be remain same. Without the economic factors stability, the total development of the country is not possible.References:1.John Sloman & Dean Garratt (2010), Essentials of Economics, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall. (Pages259-267)2. (John Sloman. 6th edn , 2006).3. Oliver Blanchard (2006), ‘Macroeconomics, 4th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.4. Michael Burda & Charles Nyplosz (1993), Introduction to Macroeconomics, 1st Edition. Oxford University Press.5. http://www. indexmundi. com/united_states/gdp_per_capita_(ppp). html6. http://www. indexmundi. com/france/gdp_per_capita_(ppp). html7. http://www. indexmundi. com/costa_rica/gdp_per_capita_(ppp). html 8. http://www. happyplanetindex. org/data/